This project is created to demonstrate how to create shared libraries in different languages and use them from Ruby and Python

$ bundle exec rake > /dev/null 2>&1
$ pipenv run bundle exec ./rubie.rb
Hello from Rust!
Hello from Crystal!
Hello from Go!
Hello from C!
Hello from C++!
Hello from C#!
Hello from Julia!
Hello from Zig!
Hello from D!
Hello from Swift!
Hello from Haskell!
Hello from LLVM!
Hello from Nim!
Hello from Vala!
Hello from Genie!
Hello from Odin!
Hello from Vala/GObject!
Hello from RubyLLVM!
Hello from Ruby!
Hello from Python!
Hello from Java!
Bye from Ruby!
Bye from Java!
Bye from Python!
Bye from Rust!
Bye from Crystal!
Bye from C!
Bye from D!
Bye from Swift!
Bye from LLVM!
Bye from Nim!
Bye from Vala!
Bye from Genie!
Bye from Odin!
Bye from Haskell!
Bye from RubyLLVM!
Bye from Vala/GObject!
Bye from C++!
Bye from Go!
Bye from Julia!
$ pipenv run ./pythonie.py
Hello from Rust!
Hello from Crystal!
Hello from Go!
Hello from C!
Hello from C++!
Hello from C#!
Hello from Julia!
Hello from Zig!
Hello from D!
Hello from Swift!
Hello from Haskell!
Hello from LLVM!
Hello from Nim!
Hello from Vala!
Hello from Genie!
Hello from Odin!
Hello from Vala/GObject!
Hello from Python!
Bye from Python!
Bye from Rust!
Bye from Crystal!
Bye from C!
Bye from D!
Bye from Swift!
Bye from Haskell!
Bye from LLVM!
Bye from Nim!
Bye from Vala!
Bye from Genie!
Bye from Odin!
Bye from Vala/GObject!
Bye from C++!
Bye from Go!
Bye from Julia!

Note that exit "Bye" callbacks order is different than the order in which libraries are loaded and "Hello" functions are called. That's because different approaches are used:

• Ruby, Python and Java use their own at_exit/atexit/addShutdownHook hooks; Ruby triggers Python's and Java's hooks inside its own
• Rust, C, C++, D, Go, Swift, Zig, Vala, Genie, Odin, both LLVM examples, use C stdlib atexit; they aren't called in the reverse order because they are registered across different shared libraries
• Nim uses its own std hook, triggered in the finalizer executed on dlclose (custom implemented destructor annotation)
• Crystal (fini) and Julia (C wrapper destructor annotation) use their own standart hooks triggered by runtime shutdown, which is done by finalizers called in dlclose
• C# doesn't have a standart approach and uses a custom solution triggered as the previous ones
• Haskell doesn't have a standart approach and uses C stdlib atexit, runtime shutdown is also deferred into atexit

You can use poetry instead of pipenv.

You can use pipenv run inv or poetry run inv or poetry run poe build instead of bundle exec rake. All these commands use tasks.py for Invoke - and Poe the Poet, configured in the [tool.poe.tasks] section of the pyproject.toml for the last one - instead of Rake and Rakefile.

Installation

C, C++

cmake version 3.22.1

$ sudo apt install cmake=3.22.1-1ubuntu1.22.04.2

Crystal

$ mise use crystal@1.11.2

D

$ sudo apt install dub='1.27.0-2' ldc='1:1.28.0-1ubuntu1'

or

$ brew install dub ldc # versions dub 1.38.1 and ldc 1.39.0

Ruby, LLVM

$ sudo apt install llvm-17

or

$ brew install llvm@17

$ mise use ruby@2.7.8
$ gem install bundler -v 2.4.2 && bundle install

Go

$ mise use go@1.20.4

Haskell

$ mise use haskell@9.8.1 # was 9.2.8, had to upgrade

Java

$ mise use java@17.0.2

Julia

$ mise use julia@1.10.4 # was 1.8.5

Nim

$ mise use nim@2.0.2

Python

$ mise use python@3.10.12
# use pipenv or poetry
$ mise use pipenv@2023.10.3 && pipenv install --dev
# or
# $ mise use poetry@1.5.1 && poetry install

Rust

$ mise use rust@1.72.1

C#

$ mise use dotnet@8.0.100

Swift

$ linuxbrew install swift # 5.10

Zig

$ mise use zig@0.14.0

Vala and Genie

$ sudo apt install valac

or

$ brew install vala

Odin

$ mise use odin@dev-2025-06

Todo:

• Fix Haskell's build.sh (copies a wrong .so), unify Zig's (symlink)
• Fix C# at exit
• Hide unnecessary exported symbols: nm -D */lib*.so | grep -Pe '\s(bye|init|exit)_'

• Get rid of -init/-fini
• Python atexit from pycall (use Py_Finalize)
• Ocaml

• Mojo
• Carbon
• Kotlin Native
• Dart
• Natalie
• MRuby
• Lisp
• Delphi
• Elixir/Erlang
• GraalVM native - Java, Ruby
• bindings libs like Magnus, maturin pyo3 and rust-cpython, Rice, pybind11, boost python, etc
• auto bindings like UniFFI, GObject, SWIG
• WASM libs and runtimes