Add PathFence

[garydgregory]

A Path fence guards against using paths outside of a "fence" of made of root paths.

This was extracted from Apache Commons Text's private PathFence.

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[garydgregory]

@ppkarwasz
Any thoughts?

[ppkarwasz]

This API needs a clear security model: is it intended for reading existing files, creating new files or both?

The path resolution strategy should change depending on the use case:

1. Reading trusted configuration files
   When reading from trusted system locations (e.g. configuration directories managed by sysadmins), we typically must allow symlinks. Example: On Debian, CATALINA_BASE is /var/lib/tomcat, but /var/lib/tomcat/conf is a symlink to /etc/tomcat, which should be allowed.

2. Reading files from untrusted user input
   For user-supplied paths, following symlinks can enable path traversal attacks. In this case, symlinks should generally not be followed.

At the moment, the class performs only syntactic path validation using path.toAbsolutePath().normalize(). This is sufficient for trusted environments (e.g. system-managed configuration directories), but it does not call Path.toRealPath(), which resolves symlinks. As a result, when used with a root directory that may contain untrusted content, it can be bypassed by symlink-based path traversal attacks.

[garydgregory]

Hi @ppkarwasz
Thank you for the review. I've addressed the relative path issues. I'll look into symbolic links next.