fast-thumbhash

A 12x faster drop-in replacement for the thumbhash crate — with built-in base91 encoding that beats BlurHash on every axis.

ThumbHash is a compact image placeholder algorithm — similar to BlurHash but with better detail, color accuracy, and alpha support. This crate implements the same algorithm with aggressive low-level optimizations, producing perceptually identical results at a fraction of the cost.

Performance

Benchmarked on Apple M-series, 100x75 RGBA input, 10,000 iterations:

Operation	thumbhash	fast-thumbhash	Speedup
Encode	172.7 µs	14.4 µs	12.0x
Decode	18.3 µs	1.5 µs	12.4x

vs BlurHash

fast-thumbhash with base91 encoding produces smaller strings than BlurHash's base83 while carrying strictly more information:

	BlurHash (base83)	fast-thumbhash (base91)
Encode speed	~180 µs	14 µs (12x faster)
Typical string size	28 chars	26 chars
Alpha channel	No	Yes
Aspect ratio	No	Embedded
Detail	4x3 RGB grid	Full DCT L/P/Q/A

More data in fewer characters — faster to generate, smaller on the wire, better previews.

Base91 encoding

The crate includes a built-in base91 encoder/decoder — the most efficient text encoding possible for JSON-safe ASCII strings (only ~23% overhead vs base64's 33%).

The base91 alphabet excludes ", \, and -, so output is safe for JSON strings without escaping.

use fast_thumbhash::{base91_encode, base91_decode};

let encoded = base91_encode(&bytes);       // compact ASCII string
let decoded = base91_decode(&encoded)?;    // back to bytes

// Or use the convenience functions:
use fast_thumbhash::{rgba_to_thumb_hash_b91, thumb_hash_from_b91};

let hash_str = rgba_to_thumb_hash_b91(w, h, &rgba);    // RGBA → base91 string
let (w, h, pixels) = thumb_hash_from_b91(&hash_str)?;  // base91 string → RGBA

How it's faster

Encoder:

• Separable 2D DCT — splits the O(W*H*N) transform into two 1D passes, cutting multiply-adds by ~3x
• Chebyshev cosine recurrence — computes cosine tables with 2 cos() calls per frequency instead of one per pixel
• Stack-allocated buffers — cos tables and partial sums live on the stack, zero heap allocation in the hot path
• Integer averaging — computes the average color in integer space, avoiding N float divisions
• Opaque fast path — skips alpha compositing entirely for fully-opaque images (most photos)
• Branchless nibble packing — collects AC coefficients then packs pairs without per-nibble branching

Decoder:

• Separable 2D IDCT — precomputes x-contributions per frequency band, then accumulates rows via SAXPY (auto-vectorizes to NEON/SSE)
• Stack-allocated everything — cos tables, AC buffers, and scratch rows all on the stack
• Direct nibble indexing — reads AC data by index instead of through std::io::Read

Both paths use unsafe get_unchecked to eliminate bounds checks in inner loops.

Compatibility

fast-thumbhash is a perceptually identical replacement — not bit-identical. The separable DCT and Chebyshev recurrence change the floating-point evaluation order, producing sub-nibble rounding differences in some AC coefficients.

In practice, across a library of real-world images:

• PSNR > 70 dB between decoded previews (60 dB is already indistinguishable to human eyes)
• Maximum pixel delta of 2-3/255 in affected channels
• Headers (dimensions, average color, structure) are always identical

The raw byte API is the same as thumbhash — swap the crate name and everything works.

Usage

[dependencies]
fast-thumbhash = "0.2"

use fast_thumbhash::{rgba_to_thumb_hash, thumb_hash_to_rgba};

// Encode: RGBA pixels → compact hash bytes
let hash = rgba_to_thumb_hash(width, height, &rgba_pixels);

// Decode: hash bytes → RGBA preview image
let (w, h, pixels) = thumb_hash_to_rgba(&hash).unwrap();

// Base91 string encoding (recommended for storage/transport)
use fast_thumbhash::{base91_encode, base91_decode};
let encoded = base91_encode(&hash);  // e.g. "}U#WoBrZy#_/qQ8PC,N]q7m}6X"
let bytes = base91_decode(&encoded).unwrap();

// Utilities
let (r, g, b, a) = fast_thumbhash::thumb_hash_to_average_rgba(&hash).unwrap();
let aspect = fast_thumbhash::thumb_hash_to_approximate_aspect_ratio(&hash).unwrap();

License

MIT