Merge from rust-lang/rust

Author: lnicola

.mailmap

@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ Jynn Nelson <github@jyn.dev> <joshua@yottadb.com>
 Jynn Nelson <github@jyn.dev> <jyn.nelson@redjack.com>
 Jynn Nelson <github@jyn.dev> <jnelson@cloudflare.com>
 Jynn Nelson <github@jyn.dev>
+Tshepang Mbambo <hopsi@tuta.io> <tshepang@gmail.com>

rust-version

@@ -1 +1 @@
-414482f6a0d4e7290f614300581a0b55442552a3
+c68032fd4c442d275f4daa571ba19c076106b490

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@
 
 - [Command-line arguments](./cli.md)
 - [rustc_driver and rustc_interface](./rustc-driver/intro.md)
+    - [Remarks on perma-unstable features](./rustc-driver/remarks-on-perma-unstable-features.md)
     - [Example: Type checking](./rustc-driver/interacting-with-the-ast.md)
     - [Example: Getting diagnostics](./rustc-driver/getting-diagnostics.md)
-    - [Remarks on perma-unstable features](./rustc-driver/remarks-on-perma-unstable-features.md)
 - [Errors and lints](diagnostics.md)
     - [Diagnostic and subdiagnostic structs](./diagnostics/diagnostic-structs.md)
     - [Translation](./diagnostics/translation.md)

src/appendix/compiler-lecture.md

@@ -46,3 +46,4 @@ These are videos where various experts explain different parts of the compiler:
 
 ## Code Generation
 - [January 2019: Cranelift](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OIA7DTFQWU)
+- [December 2024: LLVM Developers' Meeting - Rust ❤️ LLVM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kqz-umsAnk8)

src/autodiff/flags.md

@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ LooseTypes // Risk incorrect derivatives instead of aborting when missing Type I
 ```
 
 <div class="warning">
+
 `LooseTypes` is often helpful to get rid of Enzyme errors stating `Can not deduce type of <X>` and to be able to run some code. But please keep in mind that this flag absolutely has the chance to cause incorrect gradients. Even worse, the gradients might be correct for certain input values, but not for others. So please create issues about such bugs and only use this flag temporarily while you wait for your bug to be fixed.
+
 </div>
 
 ### Benchmark flags

src/backend/libs-and-metadata.md

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ format is specific to `rustc`, and may change over time. This file contains:
   [`-C embed-bitcode=no`][embed-bitcode] CLI option to improve compile times
   and reduce disk space if LTO is not needed.
 * `rustc` [metadata], in a file named `lib.rmeta`.
-* A symbol table, which is generally a list of symbols with offsets to the
-  object file that contain that symbol. This is pretty standard for archive
+* A symbol table, which is essentially a list of symbols with offsets to the
+  object files that contain that symbol. This is pretty standard for archive
   files.
 
 [archive file]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_(Unix)
@@ -46,12 +46,11 @@ A `dylib` is a platform-specific shared library. It includes the `rustc`
 
 ### rmeta
 
-An `rmeta` file is custom binary format that contains the [metadata] for the
-crate. This file can be used for fast "checks" of a project by skipping all
-code generation (as is done with `cargo check`), collecting enough information
-for documentation (as is done with `cargo doc`), or for
-[pipelining](#pipelining). This file is created if the
-[`--emit=metadata`][emit] CLI option is used.
+An `rmeta` file is a custom binary format that contains the [metadata] for the
+crate. This file can be used for fast "checks" of a project by skipping all code
+generation (as is done with `cargo check`), collecting enough information for
+documentation (as is done with `cargo doc`), or for [pipelining](#pipelining).
+This file is created if the [`--emit=metadata`][emit] CLI option is used.
 
 `rmeta` files do not support linking, since they do not contain compiled
 object files.
@@ -60,8 +59,8 @@ object files.
 
 ## Metadata
 
-The metadata contains a wide swath of different elements. This guide will not
-go into detail of every field it contains. You are encouraged to browse the
+The metadata contains a wide swath of different elements. This guide will not go
+into detail about every field it contains. You are encouraged to browse the
 [`CrateRoot`] definition to get a sense of the different elements it contains.
 Everything about metadata encoding and decoding is in the [`rustc_metadata`]
 package.
@@ -122,9 +121,9 @@ much more.
 
 By default, all Rust symbols are mangled and incorporate the stable crate id.
 This allows multiple versions of the same crate to be included together. Cargo
-automatically generates `-C metadata` hashes based on a variety of factors,
-like the package version, source, and the target kind (a lib and test can have
-the same crate name, so they need to be disambiguated).
+automatically generates `-C metadata` hashes based on a variety of factors, like
+the package version, source, and target kind (a lib and test can have the same
+crate name, so they need to be disambiguated).
 
 [`StableCrateId`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/def_id/struct.StableCrateId.html
 [`StableCrateId::new`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/def_id/struct.StableCrateId.html#method.new
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ will also look at the [sysroot] to find dependencies.
 
 As crates are loaded, they are kept in the [`CStore`] with the crate metadata
 wrapped in the [`CrateMetadata`] struct. After resolution and expansion, the
-`CStore` will make its way into the [`GlobalCtxt`] for the rest of
+`CStore` will make its way into the [`GlobalCtxt`] for the rest of the
 compilation.
 
 [name resolution]: ../name-resolution.md

src/borrow_check/two_phase_borrows.md

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ borrow.
 [`AutoBorrow`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/adjustment/enum.AutoBorrow.html
 [converted]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_mir_build/thir/cx/expr/trait.ToBorrowKind.html#method.to_borrow_kind
 [`BorrowKind`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/mir/enum.BorrowKind.html
-[`GatherBorrows`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/mir/visit/trait.Visitor.html#method.visit_local
+[`GatherBorrows`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_borrowck/borrow_set/struct.GatherBorrows.html
 [`BorrowData`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_borrowck/borrow_set/struct.BorrowData.html
 
 ## Checking two-phase borrows

src/building/bootstrapping/what-bootstrapping-does.md

@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ compiler.
 
 ```mermaid
 graph TD
-    s0c["stage0 compiler (1.63)"]:::downloaded -->|A| s0l("stage0 std (1.64)"):::with-s0c;
+    s0c["stage0 compiler (1.86.0-beta.1)"]:::downloaded -->|A| s0l("stage0 std (1.86.0-beta.1)"):::downloaded;
     s0c & s0l --- stepb[ ]:::empty;
-    stepb -->|B| s0ca["stage0 compiler artifacts (1.64)"]:::with-s0c;
-    s0ca -->|copy| s1c["stage1 compiler (1.64)"]:::with-s0c;
-    s1c -->|C| s1l("stage1 std (1.64)"):::with-s1c;
+    stepb -->|B| s0ca["stage0 compiler artifacts (1.87.0-dev)"]:::with-s0c;
+    s0ca -->|copy| s1c["stage1 compiler (1.87.0-dev)"]:::with-s0c;
+    s1c -->|C| s1l("stage1 std (1.87.0-dev)"):::with-s1c;
     s1c & s1l --- stepd[ ]:::empty;
-    stepd -->|D| s1ca["stage1 compiler artifacts (1.64)"]:::with-s1c;
+    stepd -->|D| s1ca["stage1 compiler artifacts (1.87.0-dev)"]:::with-s1c;
     s1ca -->|copy| s2c["stage2 compiler"]:::with-s1c;
 
     classDef empty width:0px,height:0px;
@@ -62,19 +62,21 @@ graph TD
 
 ### Stage 0: the pre-compiled compiler
 
-The stage0 compiler is usually the current _beta_ `rustc` compiler and its
+The stage0 compiler is by default the very recent _beta_ `rustc` compiler and its
 associated dynamic libraries, which `./x.py` will download for you. (You can
-also configure `./x.py` to use something else.)
+also configure `./x.py` to change stage0 to something else.)
 
-The stage0 compiler is then used only to compile [`src/bootstrap`],
-[`library/std`], and [`compiler/rustc`]. When assembling the libraries and
-binaries that will become the stage1 `rustc` compiler, the freshly compiled
-`std` and `rustc` are used. There are two concepts at play here: a compiler
-(with its set of dependencies) and its 'target' or 'object' libraries (`std` and
-`rustc`). Both are staged, but in a staggered manner.
+The precompiled stage0 compiler is then used only to compile [`src/bootstrap`] and [`compiler/rustc`]
+with precompiled stage0 std.
+
+Note that to build the stage1 compiler we use the precompiled stage0 compiler and std.
+Therefore, to use a compiler with a std that is freshly built from the tree, you need to
+build the stage2 compiler.
+
+There are two concepts at play here: a compiler (with its set of dependencies) and its
+'target' or 'object' libraries (`std` and `rustc`). Both are staged, but in a staggered manner.
 
 [`compiler/rustc`]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/compiler/rustc
-[`library/std`]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/library/std
 [`src/bootstrap`]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/bootstrap
 
 ### Stage 1: from current code, by an earlier compiler
@@ -84,26 +86,25 @@ The rustc source code is then compiled with the `stage0` compiler to produce the
 
 ### Stage 2: the truly current compiler
 
-We then rebuild our `stage1` compiler with itself to produce the `stage2`
+We then rebuild the compiler using `stage1` compiler with in-tree std to produce the `stage2`
 compiler.
 
-In theory, the `stage1` compiler is functionally identical to the `stage2`
-compiler, but in practice there are subtle differences. In particular, the
-`stage1` compiler itself was built by `stage0` and hence not by the source in
-your working directory. This means that the ABI generated by the `stage0`
-compiler may not match the ABI that would have been made by the `stage1`
-compiler, which can cause problems for dynamic libraries, tests, and tools using
-`rustc_private`.
+The `stage1` compiler itself was built by precompiled `stage0` compiler and std
+and hence not by the source in your working directory. This means that the ABI
+generated by the `stage0` compiler may not match the ABI that would have been made
+by the `stage1` compiler, which can cause problems for dynamic libraries, tests
+and tools using `rustc_private`.
 
 Note that the `proc_macro` crate avoids this issue with a `C` FFI layer called
 `proc_macro::bridge`, allowing it to be used with `stage1`.
 
 The `stage2` compiler is the one distributed with `rustup` and all other install
 methods. However, it takes a very long time to build because one must first
 build the new compiler with an older compiler and then use that to build the new
-compiler with itself. For development, you usually only want the `stage1`
-compiler, which you can build with `./x build library`. See [Building the
-compiler](../how-to-build-and-run.html#building-the-compiler).
+compiler with itself.
+
+For development, you usually only want to use `--stage 1` flag to build things.
+See [Building the compiler](../how-to-build-and-run.html#building-the-compiler).
 
 ### Stage 3: the same-result test
 
@@ -114,10 +115,11 @@ something has broken.
 ### Building the stages
 
 The script [`./x`] tries to be helpful and pick the stage you most likely meant
-for each subcommand. These defaults are as follows:
+for each subcommand. Here are some `x` commands with their default stages:
 
-- `check`: `--stage 0`
-- `doc`: `--stage 0`
+- `check`: `--stage 1`
+- `clippy`: `--stage 1`
+- `doc`: `--stage 1`
 - `build`: `--stage 1`
 - `test`: `--stage 1`
 - `dist`: `--stage 2`
@@ -191,8 +193,8 @@ include, but are not limited to:
   without building `rustc` from source ('build with `stage0`, then test the
   artifacts'). If you're working on the standard library, this is normally the
   test command you want.
-- `./x build --stage 0` means to build with the beta `rustc`.
-- `./x doc --stage 0` means to document using the beta `rustdoc`.
+- `./x build --stage 0` means to build with the stage0 `rustc`.
+- `./x doc --stage 0` means to document using the stage0 `rustdoc`.
 
 #### Examples of what *not* to do
 
@@ -208,9 +210,6 @@ include, but are not limited to:
 
 ### Building vs. running
 
-Note that `build --stage N compiler/rustc` **does not** build the stage N
-compiler: instead it builds the stage N+1 compiler _using_ the stage N compiler.
-
 In short, _stage 0 uses the `stage0` compiler to create `stage0` artifacts which
 will later be uplifted to be the stage1 compiler_.
 
@@ -268,23 +267,6 @@ However, when cross-compiling, `stage1` `std` will only run on the host. So the
 
 (See in the table how `stage2` only builds non-host `std` targets).
 
-### Why does only libstd use `cfg(bootstrap)`?
-
-For docs on `cfg(bootstrap)` itself, see [Complications of
-Bootstrapping](#complications-of-bootstrapping).
-
-The `rustc` generated by the `stage0` compiler is linked to the freshly-built
-`std`, which means that for the most part only `std` needs to be `cfg`-gated, so
-that `rustc` can use features added to `std` immediately after their addition,
-without need for them to get into the downloaded `beta` compiler.
-
-Note this is different from any other Rust program: `stage1` `rustc` is built by
-the _beta_ compiler, but using the _master_ version of `libstd`!
-
-The only time `rustc` uses `cfg(bootstrap)` is when it adds internal lints that
-use diagnostic items, or when it uses unstable library features that were
-recently changed.
-
 ### What is a 'sysroot'?
 
 When you build a project with `cargo`, the build artifacts for dependencies are
@@ -459,7 +441,6 @@ compiler itself uses to run. These aren't actually used by artifacts the new
 compiler generates. This step also copies the `rustc` and `rustdoc` binaries we
 generated into `build/$HOST/stage/bin`.
 
-The `stage1/bin/rustc` is a fully functional compiler, but it doesn't yet have
-any libraries to link built binaries or libraries to. The next 3 steps will
-provide those libraries for it; they are mostly equivalent to constructing the
-`stage1/bin` compiler so we don't go through them individually here.
+The `stage1/bin/rustc` is a fully functional compiler built with stage0 (precompiled) compiler and std.
+To use a compiler built entirely from source with the in-tree compiler and std, you need to build the
+stage2 compiler, which is compiled using the stage1 (in-tree) compiler and std.

src/building/how-to-build-and-run.md

@@ -217,7 +217,6 @@ probably the best "go to" command for building a local compiler:
 This may *look* like it only builds the standard library, but that is not the case.
 What this command does is the following:
 
-- Build `std` using the stage0 compiler
 - Build `rustc` using the stage0 compiler
   - This produces the stage1 compiler
 - Build `std` using the stage1 compiler
@@ -241,23 +240,22 @@ build. The **full** `rustc` build (what you get with `./x build
 --stage 2 compiler/rustc`) has quite a few more steps:
 
 - Build `rustc` with the stage1 compiler.
-  - The resulting compiler here is called the "stage2" compiler.
-- Build `std` with stage2 compiler.
+  - The resulting compiler here is called the "stage2" compiler, which uses stage1 std from the previous command.
 - Build `librustdoc` and a bunch of other things with the stage2 compiler.
 
 You almost never need to do this.
 
 ### Build specific components
 
 If you are working on the standard library, you probably don't need to build
-the compiler unless you are planning to use a recently added nightly feature.
-Instead, you can just build using the bootstrap compiler.
+every other default component. Instead, you can build a specific component by
+providing its name, like this:
 
 ```bash
-./x build --stage 0 library
+./x build --stage 1 library
 ```
 
-If you choose the `library` profile when running `x setup`, you can omit `--stage 0` (it's the
+If you choose the `library` profile when running `x setup`, you can omit `--stage 1` (it's the
 default).
 
 ## Creating a rustup toolchain
@@ -271,7 +269,6 @@ you will likely need to build at some point; for example, if you want
 to run the entire test suite).
 
 ```bash
-rustup toolchain link stage0 build/host/stage0-sysroot # beta compiler + stage0 std
 rustup toolchain link stage1 build/host/stage1
 rustup toolchain link stage2 build/host/stage2
 ```

src/building/new-target.md

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Look for existing targets to use as examples.
 After adding your target to the `rustc_target` crate you may want to add
 `core`, `std`, ... with support for your new target. In that case you will
 probably need access to some `target_*` cfg. Unfortunately when building with
-stage0 (the beta compiler), you'll get an error that the target cfg is
+stage0 (a precompiled compiler), you'll get an error that the target cfg is
 unexpected because stage0 doesn't know about the new target specification and
 we pass `--check-cfg` in order to tell it to check.