Ensure TypeError use raise_from for C++->Python overload res. (#3671)

Author: Skylion007

include/pybind11/pybind11.h

@@ -988,6 +988,13 @@ class cpp_function : public function {
             }
 
             append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000
+            // Attach additional error info to the exception if supported
+            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+                raise_from(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+#endif
             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
             return nullptr;
         }