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When I was an undergraduate, I took a lab course in electronics where the final project involved building a line-following robot. This small wheeled vehicle needed to navigate a circuit without any external assistance, following a line until it reached the end or continued around a closed loop. Such projects are common when first learning about Arduinos as they provide a platform to explore not only electronics but also programming and closed-loop control. Here’s a great example of a fast line-following robot:
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With the control algorithm foundations established, we assembled the robot using __breadboards__ and __hook-up wires__ (See: [Guide to Breadboard Wires by Ankit Negi](https://www.etechnophiles.com/breadboard-wires/)). The end result was a neat and compact circuit that could be modified quickly.
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<palign="center"><i>The assembled robot made extensive use of hook-up wires.</i></p>
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The vehicle was only equipped with the infrared sensor array so its output was the sole variable determining the robot's behavior. The schematic of the robot’s electronics illustrates this:
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Since this was a group project, we equipped the robot with an additional Arduino connected to a speaker. Although it played no role in guiding the vehicle, it was a fun element to add at the end the project. We attached a doll head to the robot and made the speaker emit quirky sounds as it ran around the circuit. It was weird but it was definitely entertaining!
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<palign="center">The final "doll-head" version of the robot. Beware, it screams!</p>
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